Land Revenue SystemsPermanentSettlement (1793)Introduced byLord Cornwallis.Known as'ZamindariSystem' —middlemen wereZamindars.Regions - Bengal,Uttar Pradesh,Madhya Pradesh.Fixed revenuesystem.Sunset Clause –Zamindars had topay revenuebefore sunset orrisk losing land.Ryotwari System(1820)Introduced byMunro and Reed.Region - SouthIndia (Madras).Direct collectionfrom peasants(ryots).Based onRicardian Theoryof Rent.MahalwariSystem (1822)Introduced byHolt Mackenzie(Bengal).Later extended byWilliam Bentinck(Punjab).Revenue collectedby villageheadman.Mahalwari -Group of VillagesEarly Revolts (Pre-1857)Sanyasi Revolt(1763-64)Region - Biharand Bengal.DuringGovernor-GeneralWarren Hastingsfaced thepersistent Sanyasiand Fagirdisturbances inBengal and Bihar.Leaders - MajnuShah, BhawaniPathak, DebiChaudharani(female rebel).Mentioned in'Anand Math' byBankim ChandraChatterjee.Paika Revolt(1817)Region - Odisha.Leader - BakshiJagbandhuBidyadhar(MilitaryCommander ofKhurdaKingdom).Moplah Uprising(1836)Region - Malabar.Moplah (Muslim)peasantryrebellion.Pagal PanthiMovement (1825)RegionBengal.LeadersKaram Shah andTipu.Ahom Revolt(1828)Region - Assam.Leader - GomdharKunwar.Kol Mutiny(1831)Region -Present-dayJharkhand.Leader - BudhuBhagat.Ho & MundaUprising (1899)Region - Ranchi,Singhbhum(Jharkhand).Leader - BirsaMunda.Khuntkatti system– collective triballand ownership.Revolt againstDikus (outsiders).15 Nov - JanjatiyaGaurav Divas –Birth Anniversaryof Birsa Munda.Death - 1900.Also marksJharkhandFoundation Day.Historical References1671 – Battle ofSaraighatMughals vsAhoms.Led by LachitBorphukan.Mughal armyunder Ram Singh(duringAurangzeb’sreign) lost.1824-1826 – 1stAnglo-BurmeseWarEnded with Treatyof Yandabo.1855 – SanthalRebellionLocation –Rajmahal Hills.Leaders – Sindhuand Kanhu.In 1832 –Damini-i-Koh -Large landdemarcated for theSanthal tribe.Santhal tribe – 3rdlargest in India.1859 – IndigoRevoltLocation – NadiaDistrict, Bengal.Leaders –Digambar Biswasand BishnuBiswas.Cause – Britishforced farmers togrow indigo underexploitative terms.Result –Successful.Play about IndigoRevolt – NilDarpan (play byDinbandhu Mitra).Seeds of 1857 Revolt1848 – Doctrineof Lapse (by LordDalhousie)1st – Satara(1848).2nd – Sambalpur,Jaitpur (1849).3rd – Udaipur(1852).4th – Jhansi(1853).Dalhousie's quoteon Awadh – “Likea cherry, it’ll dropinto our mouth.”1856 –Annexation ofAwadhNawab – MirzaWajid Ali Shah(last Nawab ofAwadh).1856 – GeneralServiceEnlistment Act(By Canning)Allowed Indiansepoys to be sentoverseas.Immediate Cause – Enfield Rifle1853 – EnfieldRifle introducedProduced atEnfield OrdnanceFactory, UK.Improvedaccuracy withrifled barrel (overBrown Bessmusket).Greased cartridgessuspected to havecow & pig fat.Offended Hindu& Muslimsoldiers.29 March 1857 –Mangal Pandey34th NativeInfantry,Barrackpore.Fired at SergeantMajor.Hanged – 8thApril 1857.24 April 1857 –3rd NativeCavalryRefused to usegreased cartridges.9 May 1857 –ImprisonmentSepoys jailed for10 years.10 May 1857 –Revolt BeginsMajor uprisingstarts fromMeerut.Key Centers & Leaders of 1857 RevoltDelhiSymbolic head –Bahadur ShahZafar II (lastMughal ruler).Actualcommander –General BhaktKhan.Suppressed by –John Nicholson.LucknowLed by – BegumHazrat Mahal.Suppressed by –Henry Lawrence.KanpurLed by – NanaSaheb and TantiaTope.Historical note –Baji Rao II(adoptive father)exiled to Bithoorin 1818 (3rdAnglo-MarathaWar).Suppressed by –Colin Campbell.JhansiLed by – RaniLakshmibai(ManikarnikaTambe akaManu).Suppressed by –Hugh Rose.GwaliorDate – 20 June1858.Marked thecompletesuppression of therevolt.BiharLed by – KunwarSingh (landlord).BareillyLed by – KhanBahadur Khan(Rohilla).FaizabadLed by – MaulviAhmadullah.Uttar Pradesh(UP)Led by – ShahMal.1857 Revolt AftermathGovernment ofIndia Act, 1858East IndiaCompanyabolished.Crown ruleintroduced underQueen Victoria.Queen'sProclamation,1858British Crowntook direct controlof India.Shift fromCompany toCrown rule.Army ReformsIndian strength inthe army wasreduced.Emphasis onloyalty of troopsto the Crown.Governor Generalbecomes ViceroyNew title given toreflect directBritish rule.1st Viceroy ofIndia – LordCanning.Post of Secretaryof State for IndiaCreated underGOI Act 1858.Assisted by a15-memberCouncil of Indiain London.Peel Commission(1857)Headed by JohnPeel.Recommendedredesigning themilitary systemafter the SepoyMutiny.Reasons forFailure of 1857RevoltFailure of 1857RevoltRich Zamindars'Non-Support -Upper classlandownersremained loyal toBritish.Limited Social &Territorial Base -Revolt failed tospread uniformlyacross regions.Lack ofCoordination &Leadership -Absence ofunified nationalleadership.No Clear PoliticalVision - Lack ofbroader ideologyor politicalplanning.Note -Commentson 1857 RevoltVD Savarkar -Described therevolt as the "FirstWar ofIndependence".Later RevoltsInspired by 1857Later RevoltsInspired by 1857Deccan Revolt(1875) - Farmersrebelled againstmoneylenders inMaharashtra.Ramosi PeasantForce (1879) -Founded byVasudev BalwantPhadke. Objective– Peasant uprisingin Maharashtra.Pabna Revolt(1873-76) - Ledby Ishan ChandraRoy. Revolt ofpeasants in Bengalagainst oppressivezamindars.Pre-1857 Revolts & Land Revenue Systems (SSC Focused)
