Babur (1526–1530)BaburOriginal Name -Zahir-ud-DinMuhammad.Babur ascendedthe throne at theage of 12Invited to India byDaulat Khan Lodi.Known As Uzbek.Babur(1526-1530) -Introducedgunpowder inIndia during theBattle of Panipat(April 21, 1526)Battle of Panipat(1526) - DefeatedIbrahim Lodi.Battle of Khanwa(1527) - DefeatedRana Sanga ofMewar.Battle of Chanderi(1528) - DefeatedMedini Rai ofChanderi.Battle of Ghagra(1529) - Defeatedthe Afghans.WroteTuzuk-i-Baburi(Baburnama).Death in 1530 inAgra, buried inKabul.Charbagh style ofarchitectureintroduced byMughalsMilitary StrategyUsed advancedwar tactics likeTulughmaformationEnabled Mughalforces to surroundand defeat largerenemy armiesAutobiographyTuzuk-i-Baburi -Written inTurkish, providingan account ofIndia and theMughal EmpireTranslated intoPersian as"Baburnama" byAbdur RahimKhan-e-KhanaTranslated intoEnglish byMadam BeveridgeHumayun (1530–1540, 1555–1556)HumayunSon of Babur,ascended thethrone in 1530.Faced successionchallenges fromKamran, Hindal,Askari, andAfghan rivalsBattle of Chausa(1539) - Lost toSher Shah Suri.Battle of Kannauj(1540) - Lost toSher Shah Suri(AnnexedKannauj).Return to Power(1555-1556)After Sher Shah'sdeath, invadedIndia in 1555 anddefeated AfghanrulersRegained thronebut died in 1556while descendingthe stairs of hislibrary at DinPanahContributionsBuilt Din Panah inDelhi as hissecond capitalBiography"Humayunama"written by hissister GulbadanBegumBuried in DelhiAkbar (1556–1605)AkbarEldest son ofHumayunTitle - JalaluddinMuhammadAkbar BadshahGhaziAscended throneat age 13 inKalanaur, PunjabRegent - His tutor,Bairam KhanMariam-uz-Zamani(Akbar wife)commonly knownby the misnomerJodha Bai.Battle ofHaldighati (1576)- AgainstMaharana Pratap.Integrated RajputsKings intoMughaladministration.Abolished Jaziyatax.IntroducedZabti/Dahsalaland revenuesystem -Todarmal.Death in 1605,buried in Agra(Tomb Sikandara).In 1601, Akbar'sexpeditiontowards Fort ofAsirgarh ofKhandesh Won,however his sonJahangir revoltedin DelhiMakhsudabad(laterMurshidabad) –City built byAkbar2nd Battle ofPanipat (1556)Between Hemu(Hindu General ofMuhammad AdilShah) & BairamKhan (Akbar’sregent)Hemu wasdefeated,captured, andslainRajput Alliances& ResistanceAkbar inductedRajput kings intoMughal service,treating them atpar with MughalnobilityMarried HarakhaBai (daughter ofBharmal orBiharimal,KachhwahaRajput ruler ofAmer, Jaipur) in1562Rana Pratap Singh& son Amar Singh(Sisodiya Rajputsof Mewar,Capital-Chittor)refused torecognize MughalsupremacyBattle ofHaldighati (1576)- Between RanaPratap andMughal army ledby Man Singh ofAmerRana Pratap wasdefeatedDin-i-Illahi (1581)- Akbar’sReligious PolicyBased onsynthesis ofvalues fromHinduism, Islam,Jainism &ChristianityOnly Hindu tofollow thisreligion is BirbalNot widelyacceptedMajorArchitecturalContributionsFatehpur Sikri(UP) - Built inhonor of SalimChistiShifted his courtfrom Agra toFatehpur SikriAgra FortBuland Darwaza -Built for SalimChisti (Entranceof Jama Masjid)Lahore FortAllahabad FortHumayun’s Tomb(Delhi) -UNESCO WorldHeritage SiteNine Jewels(Navaratnas) ofAkbarBirbal -AdministratorAbul Fazl -Scholar &StatesmanFaizi - Brother ofAbul Fazl(Scholar & Poet)Todar Mal -Finance Minister(IntroducedDahsalaBandobast / ZabtiSystem)Bhagwandas -Mansabdar, Sonof BharmalMan Singh -Mansabdar,Grandson ofBharmalTansen - MusicianAbdur RahimKhanekhana -Statesman, HindiPoetMulla Do Pyaja -ReligiousDiscourseReligious &LiteraryContributionsFaizi - HelpedAkbar startIbadatkhana(House ofWorship)Tansen - Servedunder RajaRamchandraSingh (Tomar,Ruling inGwalior)Tansen -ComposedDhrupad, GharanaRewa/GwaliorTansen - "Miya"title given byAkbar to TansenTansen - OriginalName - RamtanuPandeAbul Fazl - WroteAkbarnama(Biography ofAkbar)Akbarnama - 3Parts1st - AboutAkbar’s Ancestors2nd - About Reignof Akbar3rd - Ain-e-Akbari- Administrationof Akbar Gaz(unit of measuringlength laterdivides into Tassuji.e equal parts)Royal decreeinitiated by Akbarto centralizereligious authorityLand RevenueSystemBased on LandTypesPolaj - Landcultivated eachseason (Best type)Parauti - Land leftfallow forrecoveryChachar - Landleft fallow for 3-4yearsBanjar - Land leftuncultivated for5+ yearsRevenue Fixed -Dahsala System(10-yearestimates)Tax Collected -Zabti System(1/3rd of totalproduce)Abolished JizyaTaxAdministrativeSystemIntroducedMansabdariSystemMansab - Rankassigned toofficialsJagirdari -Revenue Rights toland based onrankZat (Si pahi) -Number ofsoldiers assignedSawar - Numberof horsemenHighest Rank -7000 (Mirza AzizKoka & Raja ManSingh)Payment Types -Cash (Nagdi) orLand Grant (Jagir)MilitarycommandersAlso known asFaujdarsKotwals - PoliceDiwans - RevenueBakhshis assistmilitarycommandersJahangir (1605–1627)JahangirSon of AkbarOriginal Name -Nur-ud-DinMuhammad Salim(Prince Salim)Known for strictadministration ofjusticeEstablishedZanjir-i-Adal(Chain of Justice)at Agra forseekers of royaljusticeMemoirs written -Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri(in Persian)Death in 1627,buried in Lahore.Built Moti Masjidin Lahore fort.Marriages &Family1611 - MarriedMihar-un-Nisa(Widow of SherAfghan, a Persiannobleman ofBengal), laterknown as NurJahanNur Jahan'sfamily members,including brother(Abul Hasan AsafKhan) and father,were givenpositions atJahangir's courtNur Jahan wasmade the officialPadshah Begumand exercisedgreat influenceover state affairsAlso marriedManmati / JagatGosai / Jodha Baiof Marwar(Kachhwahaprincess)Son fromManmati / JagatGosai - ShahJahanForeign Relations1608 - Sir WilliamHawkins - EastIndia Companyvisited, was givena Mansab of 4001615 - Sir ThomasRoe, ambassadorof King James I ofEnglandnegotiated trade.Grantedpermission for theEnglish toestablish a port inSuratMilitaryCampaigns &RebellionsCaptured part ofAhmadnagar -Malik Ambarceded him theterritory ofBalaghatKhusrau(Jahangir’s son)revolted againsthim5th Sikh Guru,Arjun Dev, wasexecuted forshelteringKhusrauPrince Khurram(Shah Jahan) andMahavat Khanrevolted againsthimShah Jahan (1628–1658)Shah JahanMother - JagatGosai (Jodha Bai),Daughter of RajaJagat SinghBest known forhis Deccan andForeign policiesMarried MumtazMahal (OriginalName ArzumandBano)Mumtaz Mahaldied in 1631, threeyears afterJahangir'saccession tothrone.Shahjahan builtTaj Mahal in hermemory in Agrain 1632-53Built Taj Mahal,Red Fort, JamaMasjid.BuiltDiwan-i-Aam,Diwan-i-Khas(Peacock thrown)Moti Masjid Agra.Visited byBernier, Tavernier,Nicoli Manucci.Health decline ledto succession war.Aurangzebimprisoned him inAgra FortDied in captivityin 1666 & Buriedbeside MumtazMahal in the TajMahalShah Jahanpreferred DaraShikoh as hissuccessor, butAurangzeb tookthe throneSultan BulandIqbal - Title givenby Shah Jahan toDara ShikohConquests & Wars1632 - DefeatedPortuguese1637 - AnnexedAhmadnagar,Bijapur &Golcondaaccepted hissuzerainty1657 - War ofSuccession amonghis sons due toShah Jahan'sfailing health1658 - Aurangzebemergedvictorious,imprisoning ShahJahan in Agra FortShah Jahan'sArchitecturalLegacy1632-1653 - Builtthe Taj Mahal inmemory ofMumtaz Mahal inAgraBuilt Red Fort &Jama Masjid inDelhiBuiltDiwan-i-Aam(Commoners'Hall) &Diwan-i-Khas(Royal Court) inDelhiKohinoorDiamond (Firstexcavated byKakatiyaDynasty) - Stolenby Nadir ShahBuilt PeacockThrone - Made of1100 kg GoldPromoted Art,Culture, &Architectureduring his reignPietra Dura - Artof marble inlaywith semipreciousstones –Popularized underShah JahanForeign Visitors &TravelersFrench Travelers -Bernier (Book"Travels in theMughal Empire")& Tavernier(Book Travel inIndia)Italian Traveler -Niccolao ManucciPeter Mundy -Documented thefamine duringShah Jahan's reignAurangzeb (1658–1707)AurangzebDefeated DaraShikoh (1658),Samugarh andDeoraiCrowned at Delhi,took the titleAlamgir (WorldSeizer)Annexed Bijapur(1686) andGolconda (1687).ReintroducedJaziya tax onnon-Muslims (TheHinduMansabdarsmaintained theirhigh proportion)AppointedMuhtasibs –Religious officersto enforce IslamiclawAuthoredFatwa-i-Alamgiri– Compilation ofIslamic lawsKnown as ZindaPir – “The LivingSaint”Executed GuruTegh Bahadur(1675).Death in 1707 inAurangabad,buried atKhuldabad nearDaulatabad.Aurangabad wasearlier know asDevgiri NowShambhaji NagarDuring the first 23years of rule(1658-81)Aurangzebconcentrated onNorth India.Sikh ResistanceGuru Teg Bahadur(9th guru ofSikhs) - Capturedand executed byAurangzeb –refused toembrace IslamGuru GovindSingh (Son ofGuru Teg Bahadur& 10th and lastguru of sikhs)Created theKhalsa in 1699 –A warriorcommunity tofight oppressionof Muslim &Father death.Guru GovindSingh in 1708 -Assassinated byan Afghan atNanded, DeccanBanda Bahadur(Disciple of GuruGobind Singh)Original Name –Lachhman DevBanda BahadurBecame SaintMadho Das, laterrenamed BandaBahadur by GuruGobind SinghContinued the waragainst MughalsMarathaOppositionShivaji – TheMost PowerfulMaratha King1665 - Conspiredagainst byAurangzeb and JaiSingh of Amber (aRajput)Shivaji VisitedAurangzeb’scourt, imprisoned,but manage toescaped in 1674ShivajiProclaimedhimselfChatrapati.1680 - Death ofShivajiSambhaji (Son ofShivaji) -SuccessorIn 1689 Sambhaji- Captured andexecuted byAurangzebLater Mughals(1707–1857)Later MughalsBahadur Shah I(1707-1712) -Also known asShah Alam IJahandar Shah(1712-1713) -Helped byZulfikar Khan,Abolished JaziyaFarrukh Siyar(1713-1719) -Supported bySayyid Brothers,Later killed withhelp of MarathasMuhammad Shah(1719-1748) -Invasion of NadirShah in 1739(Invaded India,looted Kohinoor,Peacock Throne.),NicknamedMuhammad Shah- "Rangeela"Ahmed Shah(1748-1754)Alamgir II(1754-1759)Shah Alam II(1759-1806)Akbar II(1806-1837)British East IndiaCompany gainedcontrol.1857 - LastMughal, BahadurShah II, exiledafter Revolt of1857.AdministrativeSystemMughalAdministrationFauzdar - Militarycommanderresponsible formaintaining law &order in a districtSuba (Province) -Led bySubedar/NizamSarkar (District) -Administrativedivision of a SubaPargana (Taluka) -Smalleradministrativeunit under SarkarGram (Village) -Smallest unit ofadministrationSiqdar - Local lawenforcementofficerQuanango -Official recordkeeper & landrevenue managerMuquaddam -Village Headman,responsible forlocaladministrationAmalguzar -RevenueCollector,Responsible forassesing &collecting landrevenue within"Sarkar"(District).Architecture & MonumentsArchitecture &MonumentsCharbagh Style -Introduced duringMughal period –Symmetricalfour-part gardendesignHumayun’s Tomb- Built by HajiBegum (hiswidow) – FirstIndian example ofCharbagharchitectureFatehpur Sikri (byAkbar)Buland Darwaza –Built after Gujaratvictory - Mainentrance toFatehpur SikriSalim Chisti’sTomb – Initiallysandstone,encased in marbleby JahangirPalace of Birbal &Palace of Tansen –Inside FatehpurSikriDiwan-i-Aam –Hall for publicgatherings Buit byAkbarJahangir’sContributionsMoti Masjid –Built in LahoreJahangir’sMausoleum –Located atShahdara (Lahore)Shah Jahan’sMonumentsMoti Masjid(Agra) – "PearlMosque", OnlyMosque made ofmarble inside RedFortKhaas Mahal &Diwan-i-Khaas –Inside Red FortMussamman Burz(Jasmine Palace) –Where Shah Jahanwas imprisoned inlater yearsPeacock Throne –Placed inside RedFortAurangzeb’sMonumentsMoti Masjid –Only building byAurangzeb insideRed FortShambhaji Nagarthe Monument inmemory of wifeDilras BanuBegum(Rabbia-ud-daura)Lived last years inShambhaji Nagar(Aurangabad)Other MonumentsSarai Nurmahal(Nur Jahan) –Centrallyprotectedmonument ofIndia in PunjabTomb ofItimad-ud-Daulah– Built by NurJahan in memoryof her father in(Agra), inlaid withPietra Duradecoration.Sher Shah Suri(1540–1545) - Reason ofGap In Humayun RuleSher Shah SuriFull Name - FaridKhan.Son of HasanKhan, Jagirdar ofSasaram (Bihar)Ibrahim Lodhitransferred hisfather's jagir tohimBecame thegovernor of Biharand thenoverthrew theMughal EmperorHumayun in 1540.Title - Sher Shah,received afterdefeatingHumayun afterBattle of Chausa.Built Purana Qilain Delhi.IntroducedRupiyah coin.EstablishedStandard Weights& Measures allover empire.Created Sarai -Houses fullycovered for rest orkeeping materialswhile travellingthrough the G.T.Road.Built Grand TrunkRoad(NH1). FromCalcutta (PresentDay Chittagong inBangladesh) toPeshawar.Land RevenueSystem 1/3rd ofproduce as tax.Peasants givenPatta (Title deed)and Gabuliyat(Deed ofAgreement)Zamindars wereremoved and taxescollected directlyDeath in 1545 atKalinjar.Buried in Sasaram(Bihar)Rajaputanaannexation ofMarwar (1542),Chittor (1544) andKalinjar (1545)Conquests1539 - defeatedHumayun inBattle of Chausa -Title assumedSher Shah1540 - defeatedHumayun inBattle ofKannauj/Bilgramand annexedKannauj1542 - ConqueredMalwa,Ranthambhor, andMarwar1543 - CapturedRaisin1544 - ConqueredChittor1545 - Died whileconqueringKalinjarMughal Empire Timeline
