Early LifeBirth & Early Life563 BCEBuddhism wasfounded byGautama Buddha,originally namedSiddharthaGautama.Birth ofSiddharthaGautama 563 BCin Lumbini, NepalParents - KingSuddhodana andMother QueenMayaBelonged to theShaka ClanHe was known asShakyamuni,TathagatFoster Mother -MahaprajapatiGoutami (FirstFollower)Renunciation ofRoyal Life at Age29Left palace toseek spiritual truthWife -Yashodhara.Son - Rahul.The GreatRenunciation29 years LeftHome(Mahabhinishkramana)Left palace to findthe truth ofsuffering.Rode his horse,Kanthaka.Charioteer -Channa.Teachers1st teacher - AlaraKalama.2nd teacher -Udraka Ramputra.Enlightenment528 BCEAttainedEnlightenmentunder the BodhiTree in BodhGaya at age of 35.Meaning -NirvanaNear riverNiranjana.Enlightenment atUruvela (BodhGaya) under aBodhi tree - For49 daysBecame Buddha,"The EnlightenedOne"He practicedintense meditationfor six years in hisquest forenlightenment.Delivered theteachings ofDhamma(Dharma)1st SermonDharmachakrapravartanaPlace - Sarnath,Varanasi.Meaning -"Turning theWheel of Law"Death(Parinirvana)483 BC DeathPassed away atKushinagara.Event -Mahaparinirvana.ImportantSymbols ofBuddha's LifeSymbols ofBuddha's LifeLotus/BullRepresents hisbirth.Horse - KanthakaSymbol ofRenunciation.Bodhi Tree -RepresentsEnlightenment.(Nirvana)Wheel -Symbolizes FirstSermon(Dharmachakrapravartana)Stupa -Symbolizes Death(Parinirvana) orMahaparinivana.Chariot - ChannaBuddhist TextsBuddhist TextsJataka Tales -Stories ofBuddha's previousbirthsTripitaka (ThreeBaskets) - Writtenin Pali language,Early scriptures of(Hinayana)TheravadaBuddhism.AbhidhammaPitaka -PhilosophicalteachingsSutta Pitaka -Sermons ofBuddhaVinaya Pitaka -Rules formonasticdisciplineMahayana Sutras -Texts such as theLotus Sutra,foundational forMahayanaBuddhism.Buddhist Text Pali(Tripitaka -majorly) andSanskritBodhisattvas giveup on their path ofNirvana to teachtheir disciplesPaliMilindpanho →Dialogue betweenMilinda andNagasenaMilindaIndo-Greek KingMenander ISanskritBuddhacharitra -by AsvaghoshaBuddhaBiographyJataka tales aboutprevious births ofBuddha in bothhuman and animalformsCore Teachings of BuddhismFour Noble Truths1. Suffering Exists(Dukkha)2. Origin ofSuffering (Desireand Attachment)3. Cessation ofSuffering(Nirvana,Overcomingdesires &suffering)4. Path to EndSuffering(Eightfold Path)Eightfold Path orAshtangika marg1. RightUnderstanding2. Right Intention3. Right Speech4. Right Action5. RightLivelihood6. Right Effort7. RightMindfulness8. RightConcentrationSects of BuddhismHinayana(Theravada)Focused onmonastic life -Not belived onIdol WorshipNo Rebirth ofBuddhaProminent inSouth-India, SriLanka, Indonesia,Malaysia &Cambodia,Text - PaliTheravadaBuddhism OriginIndiaMahayanaBelieved on IdolworshipBelieved in rebirthof BuddhaEmphasizedcompassion andBodhisattva pathProminent inChina, Japan &South KoreaText - SanskritBodhisattvasnames - Vajrapani,Avlokitesvara,Amitabh - Directrelation withMahayanaVajrayanaBuddhism whichcame in BengalTantrik form ofBuddhism.(Eastern)Roots TibetSikkim & WestBengalSpread ofBuddhismSpread ofBuddhismIndia - Spreadduring Buddha'slifetimeSri Lanka -Through EmperorAshoka’smissionariesSoutheast Asia -Through trade andcultural exchangesChina - Enteredvia the Silk RoadJapan - Influencedby Chinese andKoreantransmissionCore Concepts in BuddhismConcepts inBuddhismKarma - Actionsand their moralconsequencesRebirth - Cycle ofbirth, death, andrebirthNirvana -Ultimateliberation fromsufferingAhimsa -Non-violence andcompassionTri Ratna (ThreeJewels)Buddha - TheEnlightened OneDhamma -Teachings ofBuddhaSangha -Community ofMonksTerms ofBuddhismChaitya - place ofworshipVihara - place ofresidenceDhamma -DharmaStupa - Moundwhere the relics ofBuddha have beenplacedChethiyagiriVihara a festivalcelebrated inSanchiStupa 3 - relics oftwo importantdisciples ofSariputta andMoggallana arekeptProminent Figuresand PatronsProminent Figuresand PatronsEmperor Ashoka -Key patron whospread BuddhismNagarjuna -Founder of theMadhyamikaschoolDalai Lama -Spiritual leader ofTibetan BuddhismImportant Buddhist Monuments - StupasStupasMonumentalstructures housingsacred relicsBase - Representsthe earthYashti - TopmostPartDome -RepresentsBuddha’s bodyAnda -hemisphericaldomeTorana - gatewayMedhi - pedestrialpathVedika - RailingsHarmika -RepresentsBuddha’s eyesChatra -SymbolizesBuddha’sprotectionPradakshinapath(To enter theStupa)Finial -RepresentsBuddha’s crownFamous StupasSanchi Stupa(Madhya Pradesh,India) - Built byEmperor Ashoka,Oldest, ChetyagiriVihar FestivalSanchi StupaCarving doneusing Sandstoneby ShungaDynastySanchi Stupa 4Gateways(Cardinalpoints-North,South, West andEast direction) isseen here.Sanchi Stupa 1stdiscovered byHenry Taylor in1818Bodh Gaya Stupa(Bihar, India) -Site of Buddha’senlightenmentDhamek Stupa(Uttar Pradesh,India) - MarksBuddha’s firstsermon -Cylindrical FormBorobudur(Indonesia) -Largest BuddhisttemplePiprahwa Stupa(Uttar Pradesh,India) - Containsancient relics -First Buit by SakaDynasty later byAshokaAdditionalNotable StupasChaukhandi Stupa(Sarnath, UP) -Where Buddhamet his firstdisciplesRamabhar Stupa(Kushinagar, UP)- Site of Buddha’sMahaparinirvanaMahabodhi Stupa(Bodh Gaya) -Marks Buddha’senlightenmentShanti Stupa(Ladakh) -Symbol of peace -White ColorKesariya Stupa(Bihar) - Largeststupa in IndiaKesariya Stupawas Discoveredby ColinMackenzieKesariya Stupawas Excavated byKK Muhammed.Bharhut Stupa(Madhya Pradesh)NamdrollingMonastery(Bylakuppe,Karnataka)Hemis GompaMonastery(Ladakh) - Knownfor its 2-dayfestivalChir Tope -DharmarajikaStupa - Taxila(Pakistan)Lion Capital,Ashokan Pillar atSarnathLomas Rishi CaveBuilt by Ashokafor AjivikasPlaces of BuddhistWorshipChaitya - Worshiphalls forgatherings andceremoniesMonasteries -Residences formonks (e.g.,BylakuppeMonastery)BuddhistUniversitiesNalandaUniversity (Builtby Kumaragupta)VikramshilaUniversity (Builtby Dharmapala)OdantpuriUniversity (Builtby Gopala)Buddhist Councils and Key EventsFirst BuddhistCouncilYear - 483 BCELocation - RajgirPatron - KingAjatshatruChairman -MahakashyapaSecond BuddhistCouncilYear - 383 BCELocation -VaishaliPatron - KingKalashokaChairman -SabakamiThird BuddhistCouncilYear - 250 BCELocation -PataliputraPatron - EmperorAshokaChairman -Mogaliputta TissaFourth BuddhistCouncilYear - 72 ADLocation -Kundalvan(Kashmir)Patron - KingKanishkaChairman -VasumitraIn 4th BuddhistCouncil,Buddhism wasdivided into 2sects8 Holy Places ofBuddhismHoly Places ofBuddhismLumbini(Birthplace ofBuddha)Bodh Gaya(Enlightenment ofBuddha)Sarnath (1stSermon ofBuddha)Kushinagara(Mahaparinirvanaof Buddha)Rajgir (Site of 1stBuddhist Council)Vaishali (Site of2nd BuddhistCouncil)Shravasti(Performed manymiracles)Sankasia(Descended fromTushita Heaven)A Guide toEnlightenmentMudras of the BuddhaDharmachakraMudra"Wheel ofDharma" or"TeachingWheel".Represents theBuddha'steachings.Symbolizessetting the Wheelof Dharma inmotion.Vitarka Mudra"Wheel of Law".Representsreasoneddiscussion and thetransmission ofBuddhistteachings.Gesture ofintellectualargumentation andwisdom.Abhaya Mudra"Fearless".Signifiesprotection andovercoming fear.Symbolizesreassurance andpeace.BhumisparshaMudra"Touching theEarth".Represents theBuddha'senlightenment.Symbolizescalling the Earthto witness hisawakening.Dhyana Mudra"Meditation".Signifiescontemplation andinner peace.Gesture ofabsolute balanceand meditation.Varada Mudra"Generosity".Represents givingand compassion.Symbolizescharity, offering,and welcome.Early Life of Gautama Buddha
