Brahminical DominationVedic RitualsBrahminsdominatedreligiouspractices.Heavy reliance onsacrifices(Yajnas).Impacted tradedue to ritualisticexpenses.AgriculturalEconomyEconomy basedon agriculture.Trade suffered dueto excessiveritualisticsacrifices.Punch-MarkedCoinsFirst use of metalcoins for trade.Trade carried outprimarily byVaishyas.Rise of Jainism &BuddhismOpposition toVarna SystemJainism &Buddhismopposed castehierarchy andPeople shouldequally treated.Jainism believedVarnas were basedon occupation, notbirth.Concept ofAhimsa(Non-Violence)Both religionsemphasizednon-violence.Rejected animalsacrifices inrituals.Founders asKshatriyas -Mahavir andBuddha were bornin Kshatriya clans.Jainism &Buddhism asHeterodoxmeaning Did notaccept theauthority of Vedasunlike orthodoxHindu traditions.Difference inBeliefs1. Jainismbelieved in adivine figure.2. Buddhism didnot recognize adivine entity.Jainism and TirthankarasTotal Tirthankaras24Great Teachers ofJainism.1st Tirthankara -Rishabh Dev,Birthplace -Ayodhya. Symbol- Bull.23rd Tirthankara -Parshavnath,Birthplace -Varanasi. Symbol- Serpent.24th Tirthankara -VardhamanMahavir,Birthplace -Kundagram(Vaishali). Symbol- Lion.Tirthankaras inVedasIn Vedas only twoTirthankarsmentioned.1st - Rishabh.22nd - Aristanemi.Life of Vardhaman MahavirFounder vs.PropounderRishabh Dev -Founder ofJainism.Mahavir - Realfounder(Propounder).VardhamanMahavir - He wasknown asNayaputtaBirth of MahavirBorn in 540 BC inKundagram(Vaishali, Bihar).Death(Moksh) -468 BC; Pavapuri(Biharsharif;Bihar) → Duringthe age of 72 yrsFather -Siddhartha(Janathrika Clan,Kshatriya).Mother - Trishala.Wife - Yashoda.Daughter - AnojjaPriyadarshana(Married toJamali, Mahavir's1st disciple).RenunciationLeft home at 30years.Accompanied byMakkhali Gosala(Founder ofAjivika Sect).EnlightenmentAchieved at 42years under a Saltree inJambhikagrama.Near riverRijupalika.Known asKaivalya(UltimateKnowledge).In Jainism, a Jinais a being who hasachievedenlightenment andis liberated fromthe cycle ofrebirth.First SermonDelivered at Pava.Jain Monasteries -Called Basadis.Kevalin - Onewho has attainedperfect knowledge(Jitendriya).Jain Philosophy(Triratnas)Three Principlesof MokshaRight Knowledge(Samyaka Jnana).Right Faith(SamyakaDarshana).Right Conduct(SamyakaCharitra).Ajivika SectFounder -Makkhali GosalaLived an asceticlife.Believed inextreme fatalism(fate-drivenexistence).Practiced severeabstinence fromworldly pleasures.5 Principles ofLiving5 Principles ofLiving(Anuvratas)Ahimsa(Non-Violence) -Do not harm anyliving being.Satya(Truthfulness) -Only speak thetruth.Asteya(Non-Stealing) -Do not stealanything.Brahmacharya(Celibacy) -Sexualmonogamy.Aparigraha(Non-Possession)- Detach frommaterial things,people, andplaces.Divisions Among JainsChandraguptaMaurya &BhadrabahuFriend and mentorrelationship.ChandraguptaMaurya adoptedJainism andbecame a monk.Salnekhana(Ritual Fasting toDeath)ChandraguptaMaurya fasted todeath atShravanabelagola(Karnataka)during a famine inMagadh (303BC).Digambara SectLeader -Bhadrabahu.Practicedcompleterenunciation (noclothes).Boycotted 1st JainCouncilShvetambara SectLeader -Sthulabhadra.Wore whiteclothes.Boycotted byDigambaramonks.Important Booksof JainismBooks of JainismBhagavati Sutra -MentionsMahajanapadas.Tattvartha Sutra -Key philosophicaltext of Jainism.Agam Sutra -Sacred Jainscriptures.Kalpa Sutra -Containsbiographies ofJain Tirthankaras.1st Jain Council(298 BC)Location -PataliputraLed bySthulabhadra.Organized thesacred texts(Agams) ofJainism.Patronized byBindusara (son ofChandraguptaMaurya).2nd Jain Council(512 AD)Location -Vallabhi, GujaratCompiled Jaintexts into writtenform.Jain LiteratureLanguage - PrakritJain scriptureswere composed inPrakrit.Agams (SacredTexts) - Writtenrecords of Jainteachings.Jain ArchitectureFamousArchitectureRock Cut CaveTemples (Odisha)- Ancient Jaincaves in Odisha.HathigumphaCaves (Odisha) -Inscriptions byKing Kharavela.Udayagiri &Khandagiri Caves(Odisha) - Jainrock-cut caves.Dilwara JainTemple(Rajasthan) - Builtby VastupalaBrothers. Locatedat Mount Abu.Statue ofGometeshwaraBahubali(Karnataka) -Located atShravanabelagola.At GometeshwaraBahubaliMahamastakabhishekafestival celebratedevery 12 years.Gometeshwarawas 1stTirthankar's sonPatrons of JainismChandraguptaMaurya & sonBindusaraChandraguptaMaurya became aJain monk.BindusaracontinuedpatronizingJainism.Bimbisara &AjatshatruBimbisara was acontemporary ofMahavir &Buddha.Ajatshatru(Son ofBimbisara)expanded Jaininfluence.Other JainTemplesOther FamousJain TemplesEllora Caves(Maharashtra) -Jain, Buddhist,and Hindu cavescoexist.Ranakpur JainTemple - FamousJain temple inRajasthan.Shikharji(Jharkhand) -Important Jainpilgrimage site.Mangi Tungi(Maharashtra) -Jain pilgrimagesite.Khajuraho JainTemples (MadhyaPradesh) - Part ofKhajuraho templecomplex.Course of Origin of Jainism
