Aryan Migration (1500-1000 BC)Aryans migratedfrom Central AsiaPastoral nomadsfrom Stepperegion.Spread towardsPunjab andGanga-YamunaDoab.Formation ofTribes (Jana)Society based onclan system.Led by a chief(Rajan).Sabha and Samitiwere early formsof governance.Jana to Janapada(1000-600 BC)Janapada = Landof the Jana (tribe).Settled agriculturebegan.Small independentkingdomsemerged.MahajanapadasConsolidation ofJanaMajor Janapadas -Kuru, Panchala,Kosala, Gandhara.Rulers startedconsolidatingpower.Emergence of Mahajanapadas (600 BC)16 MahajanapadasLarge, powerfulJanapadas formedMahajanapadas.Consolidation ofsmallertribes(Jana).Mentioned inBuddhist & Jaintexts.SourcesMentioningMahajanapadasAshtadhyayi (inSanskrit byPanini) - Mentions40 Janapadas.Ashtadhyayi(Oldest book onSanskrit Grammarwritten in 4th-6thCentury BC)AnguttaraNikaya(BuddhistLiterature in Palitexts) - Mentions16Mahajanapadas.DighaNikaya(BuddhistLiterature in Palitexts) - Mentions12Mahajanapadas.Bhagavati Sutra(Jain literature) -Referencesmultipledecision-makingsystems.Governance & ClansMonarchial vsRepublicMahajanapadasMonarchies -Single ruler(Magadha, Kashi,Kosala).Republics(Gana/Sangha) -Multipledecision-makers(Kuru, Kamboja,Vajji, Malla,Assaka).Major ClansKuru, Panchala,Gandhara, Vajji,Malla, Kamboja,Assaka.Kuru - Developedearly politicalstructure.Vajji Confederacy- 8 clans,including Jnatrika,Lichchavis,Videhas.Videhas - KingJanaka(father ofSita was fromVideha)The 16 Mahajanapadas & CapitalsMahajanapadas1-81. Anga - Champa(Modern Bihar) -Karan(Angaraja).2. Magadha -Rajgir /Pataliputra(Bihar). - South ofGanga(Ganga-SonMeets)3. Kashi -Varanasi (UttarPradesh).4. Kosala -Ayodhya/Shravasti(Eastern UP).5. Vatsa -Kausambi(Allahabad).6. Panchala -Ahichchatra/Kampilya(Western UP).7. Kuru -Indraprastha(Delhi/Haryana).8. Matsya -Viratnagar (Jaipur,Rajasthan).Mahajanapadas9-169. Chedi -Sothivati(Bundelkhand,MP).10. Avanti - Ujjain/ Mahismati(Madhya Pradesh- Shipra river).(South Part -Narmada)11. Gandhara -Taxila(Bharata)(Rawalpindi,Pakistan).12. Kamboja -Pooncha(Kashmir).13. Asmaka -Pratisthan (Bankof Godavari,Maharashtra).14. Vajji - Vaishali(Bihar).15. Malla -Kusinara (Deoria,Uttar Pradesh).16. Shurasena -Mathura (UP).Geographical Features & ResourcesRiversSettlementsformed aroundGanga, Yamuna,Godavari, andNarmada.Kashi (Varanasi) -Located betweenVaruna and Assirivers.Iron Usage(Krishna Ayas /Shyam Ayas)First extensive useof iron in weapons& tools.Iron mines inJharkhand regionsupportedMagadha’s rise.Rise of Magadha(600-400 BC)Factors forMagadha’sDominanceStrategic Location- Capital Rajgrihasurrounded by 5hills.Patliputra Situatedat Confluence ofGanga and Son -Trade andtransportadvantage.Abundance ofElephants(MarshyDoab Region) -Military strength.Strong Leaders -Bimbisara,Ajatashatru.Iron mines inJharkhand -Economic andmilitary growth.Dynasties whichRuled Magadh.Haryanka,Shishunaga, &Nanda.Haryanka Dynasty (544 BC - 413 BC)Bimbisara (544BC - 492 BC) -Title(Seniya)Military campaignagainst Anga.Diplomaticallyexpanded throughmarriage.1) Sister ofPrasenjit (KoshalaKing’s son).2) MarriedChellana(LichchaviPrincess) - SecondWife.3) Madra Clan(Punjab).Sent physicianJivaka to Ujjain totreat KingPradyota(Jaundice).AjatshatruSon of Bimbisara& Chellana.ConqueredLichchavi.Defeated Koshala(married theKing's daughter).Patronized the 1stBuddhist Council.Killed his fatherBimbisara.War Engines &Catapults - Usedto conquerVaishali.UdayinShifted capitalfrom Rajgriha toPataliputra(Modern Patna).ShishunagaDynasty (413 BC- 345 BC)ShishunagaDefeated Avantiand merged itwith Magadha.Kalashokapatronized the 2ndBuddhist Council.Nanda Dynasty (345 BC - 321 BC)MahapadmaNandaTitle - Ekrat(Empire builder,Uprooter ofKshatriyas).DhananandaAlexanderinvaded Indiaduring his reign(326 BC).Last king of theNanda Dynasty.Alexander theGreatDefeated manykingdoms but wasforced to retreatbecause of NandaDynasty.Battle ofHydaspes -Fought againstPorus on JhelumRiver.Porus wasdefeated buttreated withhonor.Society & Economy (Magadha Period)PotteryNorthern BlackPolished Ware(NBPW).CurrencyPunched MarkSilver Coins(Helps in trade).Nishka - Used fortrade.Karshapana -Another currency.Trade &CraftsmanshipArtisans &Merchants formedGuilds (Shrenis -Organisations).Crafts werehereditary.AgricultureIron ploughsharesled to anagriculturalsurplus.This resulted in2nd Urbanization(after Harappa).Administration &TaxationVillage Headman- Bhojaka.Peasants paid tax(1/6th of theirproduce).Rich Peasants -Gahapatis(Wealthylandlords).Bali - Voluntaryoffering to theKing (Notcompulsory).Toll Tax -Collected byofficers known asShaulkika orShulkadhyaksha.Aryans, Jana, Janapada, Mahajanapadas (600 B.C.)
