South IndiaMegalithic Age(1500-600 BC)History of SouthIndiaNo Bronze Age inSouth India butMegalithicAge(Iron Age).Iron AgestructuresDolmen(foundaround graves),Menhir.Pottery Black andRed Ware.Pastoralcommunity -Knew agriculturebut did notpractice it.Sangam Period (3rd Century BC - 3rdCentury AD)Sangam PeriodSouth Indianhistory starts withChera, Pandya,and Choladynasties.Area lying southof Krishna river.GeographyThinais(known asArea) Each thinaihad a chief calledMuvendarMuvendar(DividedintoChera, Chola &Pandya)5 Thinais(Geographicaldivisions)1. Kurinci thinai -Hunting andgathering.2. Palai thinai -Cattle lifters,plundering.3. Mullai thinai -Animalhusbandry.4. Marutam thinai- Agriculture.5. Neytal thinai -Fishing and saltcollection.Chera DynastyChera DynastyKnown asKerelaputras.Ruled in Kerala +Tamil Nadu.Capital - Vanji /Vanchi / Karur.Port cities -Muziris(Muchiris) andTondi (Tradecenters withRomans).Muchiris haveAugustus TempleBuilt by Romans.Emblem Bow andArrow.Greatest rulerSenguttuvan (RedChera).WorshipedKannagi (Goddessof Chastity) -Pattini cult.PugalurInscriptionmentions them.Chola Dynasty(Early Cholas)Chola DynastyKnown asCholamandalam(Coromandelregion).Located in theKaveri delta,between Pennarand Vellar rivers.Norteast toPandyasCapitals Uraiyur&Puhar(Kaveripattinam- Port city).Traded in cottoncloth.Maintained astrong navy.Greatest rulerKarikala Chola -Won the Battle ofVenni.Emblem Tiger.Karikala DefeatedChera and Pandyacombined forces.Pandya DynastyPandyasRuled TamilNadu.Capital Madurai(on banks ofVaigai River).Emblem Fish.First mentionedby Megasthenesas People Famousfor Pearl tradewith Romans.Port - Korkai.Society StructureSocial ClassesRuling class -ArasarTrader class -VaishiyarRich landlords -VellalarLower class -KadaisiyarKalabhras Period(300 - 600 AD)Tamil countryoccupied byKalabhrasReferred as"Interregnum" or"Dark Age"GovernmentDuring Sangamperiod HereditaryMonarchy was theruling systemSangam Period (100-200 BC)SangamAssembliesSangam Meaning- AssembliesTotal 3 SangamsPatronised byPandyasAssemblies heldin Tamil regionwere known asMuchchangam1st Sangam -Madurai / Agastya2nd Sangam -Kapadapuram /Tolkappiyar (InLiteratureTolkappiyam -earliest Tamilgrammar)3rd Sangam -Madurai /NakkirarSangam LiteratureNarrative(story-based) -CalledMelkannakku (18major works)Didactic (poetic) -CalledKilkannakku (18minor works)about Love(Akam) & War(Puram)Famous TamilLiteratureSilapathikaram -Written by IlangoAdigalSilapathikaram isStory of Kovalan+ Kannagi (wife)+ Madhavi (dasi)Manimegalai -Book aboutdaughter ofKovalan &MadhaviManimegalaiWritten by -ChithalaiChathanarHistory of South India & Sangam Period
