Historical ClassificationAncient HistoryFrom earliesttimes to 7thCentury AD.Medieval HistoryFrom 8th CenturyAD to 18thCentury AD.1700–1800 AD –Start of IslamicInvasions.Modern HistoryFrom 18thCentury AD toPresent.Period of BritishRule begins.History vsArchaeologyDefinitionHistory - Basedon written text.Archaeology -Based onexcavation. Nowritten textsfound.History Based on Tools & MetalsStone AgeUse of stones fortools.Pre-historic Age.No writtenevidence.Copper AgeUse of coppertools.Pre-historic Age.No writtenevidence.Bronze AgeUse of bronzetools.Harappa AgeProto-historic AgeWritten evidencefound butundeciphered.Stone Age ClassificationPalaeolithic(5 Lakh BC –10,000 BC)Old Stone Age –based on flaketechnology.Mesolithic(9,000 BC – 7,000BC or 12,000 BC– 10,000 BC)Transition phase(Microlithsappear).Neolithic(7,000 BC – 1,000BC)New Stone Age –beginning ofagriculture.Historical TimeHistorical TimeBC / BCE -Before Christ /Before CommonEra → BeforeYear 0.AD / CE - AnnoDomini /Common Era →After Year 0.Century LogicExample8th Century =700–800 AD.3rd Century AD =200–300 AD.Earth & HumanTimelineAdditional FactsEarth Age -Approx. 4.5billion years old.Quaternary Stage- Fourth stage ofEarth's history.Divided intoPleistocene &Holocene.Ice Age - Humans(Palaeolithic)lived during thisera.After Ice Age -Flake technologyused fortool-making.Paleolithic500,000 – 10,000BCE PaleolithicAge BeginsLithic meansstone;Ice Age starts.Characterized bycold climate,survival intropical regions,stone tools,hunting, and cavedwelling.Age Phases ofPaleolithic Ageclassificationbased on weaponsand climate.1.Lower 2.Middle3.UpperUp to 100,000Lower PaleolithicAgeBased on weaponsand climate.SitesSohan/Soan(Punjab)Belan Valley (UP)- Cave/RockShelterDiwana(Rajasthan)Nevasa(Maharashtra)Hungsi(Karnataka)Pahalgam(Kashmir)Patne(Maharashtra) -Ostrich evidencefound for the firsttimeMiddle PaleolithicAge (100,000 –40,000 BCE)FLAKE tech,Stone tool-makingtechnique thatinvolves striking aflake from aprepared stonecoreHunting andGathering food.Upper Paleolithic(Age 40,000 -10,000 BCE)Appearance ofHomo sapiens.Use of flint stonetools.Famous SitesInamgaon(Maharashtra)Neveda(Maharashtra)Didwana(Rajasthan)Bhimbetka (MP) -Cave Rock ShelterChopani Mando(Prayagraj)Additional FactsThe skull ofHomo Erectuswas found inHathnora(Madhya Pradeshnear Narmada)V. S. Wakankar(Indianarchaeologist)discoveredBhimbetka rockcaves in 1957.Oldest rockpainting in IndiaArchibaldCampbell - Hewas the first onetoidentify/discoverfew rock paintingsin IndiaMesolithic Age10,000 BCEMesolithic AgeBegins9,000 BC - 7000BC (12000 BC -10,000 BC Aq. toSSC)Warmer climate,Increased Flora &FaunaBetter tools, fire,microliths(Micro-Small &Lith-Stone), art.Hunting,domesticatinganimals,bows/arrows,humancolonization ofGanga Plains.Famous SitesLanghnaj/Mehsana(Gujarat).Bhimbetka (MP) -Cave Paintings.Bagor (Rajasthan)- Earliest evidenceof AnimalDomesticationAdamgadh (MP) -AnimalDomestication.Damdam (UP) - 3skeletons in 1burialChopani Mando(UP) - NearAllahabad BelanValleySanganakallu -KarnatakaTuticorin -Southern TamilNaduNeolithic Age6000 BCENeolithic AgeBeginsNeo-New;Lithic-Stone7000 BC - 1000BCAgriculture, fire,pottery, polishedstone tools.Black-RedPottery.Owned PropertyFamous SitesLahuradeva (UP) -Agriculture.MehrGarh(Balochistan) -Agriculture(Cropslike Wheat,Barley, Cotton),houses, animaldomestication.MehrGarh(Balochistan) -Oldest neolithicsite in Indiansubcontinent(Pakistan;Baluchistan)Bhimbetka (MP).Arts (RockPainting ofHumans, Birds,Animals)Kashmir ValleyBurzahom(Meaning-Place of Birch) &GufkralBurzahom(Srinagar) - Dogburied with master(Skeletonsevidence); Peoplelived in pits nearlakes.Gufkral (Srinagar)- Cave of Potter(41 km Southwestof Srinagar)Chirand (Bihar) -Weapons of bonesFamous SitesKarnataka Sites -Sanganakallu,Brahmagiri,Maski, Piklihal,Hallur → MilletcultivationUttar Pradesh -Koldihwa,Allahabad(evidence of ricecultivation)Andhra PradeshAround Bhima,Krishna &TungabadraRivers, Budihal,Utnur - EarliestSiteNagarjunakonda -Andhra PradeshBelan Valley (UP)- Oldest paddycultivation.Garo HillsMeghalayaDoajali (Assam) -Jadeite stoneCatal Huyuk,(Turkey)Sites West to East- Mahadaha (UP),Lekhahia (UP),Paisra (Bihar),Birbahanpur(WB).Copper Mines inIndiaCopper Mines inIndiaKhetri Mines(Rajasthan) -Major source ofcopper.MalajkhandMines (MadhyaPradesh) - Largestcopper deposit inIndia.Chalcolithic SettlementsChalcolithicSettlements 3500BC - 1000 BCPeople lived inrural communities1st MetalDiscovered -CopperSouthernRajasthan -Ahar(Earliest),Gilund (BanasValley)Ganeshwar(Rajasthan) -Tools made fromcopper.Eastern India -Chirand (Ganga),Burdwan,Midnapore.Western MadhyaPradesh - Malwa(Narmada),Kayatha(Kalisindh), Eran.WesternMaharashtra -Jorwe(Parvara-Godavari),Savalda (Tapti).Largest Site -DaimabadSites Under JorweCulture - Nevasa,Daimabad(largestsite), Chandoli,Inamgaon, Nasik,Navdatoli(Narmada).Burial PracticesUrn Burial -Common practice.No Knowledge ofHorses or BurntBricks.Pottery StylesBlack and RedWare - Distinctivepottery.Ochre ColoredPottery.Stone Age Timeline (Old Stone Age)
